Stem cells may be key to transplants

SCIENTISTS AT Johns Hopkins who, in 1998, showed that human pluripotent stem cells (HPSCs) - humans' earliest, undifferentiated "full potential" cells - could develop into all the basic types of embryonic tissues that make up human beings, have now "engineered" HPSCs to form a new type of cell that not only holds the potential to develop into different tissues but also overcomes great drawbacks that have limited the use of HPSCs for disease therapy.

The new cells, called embryoid body derived cells (EBDs), "will be the workhorses that carry out the new tissue-transplant therapies," says John D. Gearhart, Ph.D., the Hopkins team leader.

"The first applications of these cells will likely be in Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS), Type I diabetes, stroke and Parkinson's disease," says Gearhart. Researchers in other Hopkins labs have already begun testing EBDs on animal models of Lou Gehrig's and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as on animal spinal injuries.

EBDs reproduce readily and are easily maintained, Gearhart said, and thus eliminate the need to use foetal tissues each time as a source - a step that should quell many of the political and ethical concerns that swirl around stem cell studies.

"We thought from the first that problems would arise using HPSCs to make replacement tissues," says molecular biologist Michael Shamblott, Ph.D. The early-stage stem cells are both difficult and slow to grow. "More important," says Shamblott, "there's a risk of tumours.

If you're not very careful when coaxing these early cells to differentiate - to form nerve cells and the like - you risk contaminating the newly differentiated cells with the stem cells. Injected into the body, stem cells can produce tumors. The EBDs bypass all this."

EBDs readily divide for up to 70 generations, producing millions of cells without any apparent chromosomal abnormalities typical of tumor cells. No tumours appeared in three cancer-prone test mice injected with the new cells.

Moreover, EBD cells appear to accept "foreign" genes readily - a necessity, Shamblott says, for scientists to produce large quantities of differentiated "replacement" cells for human transplants.

The researchers began their work with embryonic germ cells, a type of hPSC drawn from discarded fetal tissue. In culture, the germ cells grow into a small mass of cells called an embryoid body. After teasing the embryoid bodies apart using gentle enzymes, the scientists cultured the separated cells in one of six "very simple growth environments."

Sample cells from each environment - now called embryoid body derived cells - were grown again, this time in culture solutions that favoured growth of specific cell lines, such as nerve cells, and allowed to divide undisturbed for many generations.

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